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Informed consent -inlude info about current health status and prognosis -preferred treament with rationale -benefits n risk -alternative treatments - riske of not having treamnets

NZNO Code of Ethics for Nursing - Autonomy – able to make decisions - Beneficence – to do good - Non-maleficence – to do no harm - Justice or fairness - Confidentiality or privacy - Veracity or truth - Fidelity or faithfulness - Gueardianship of environment and resources - Professionalism SOFIA

Pharmacology Pharmaceutical – manufacturing a compound for use as a medicinal drug Pharmacokinetics – movement of drugs within the body Pharmacodynamics – effects of drug and mechanism of their action SOFIA

7 Right of Safe Medication Administration - Right medicine - Right patient - Right dose - Right route - Right time - Right documentation - Right to refuse SOFIA

Chain of Infection - Agent - Reservoir - Exit portal - Point of entry - Transmission mode - Susceptible host SOFIA

Nursing Processes: SOFIA
 * Assessment** – subjective and objective data obtained
 * Planning** – short term and long term goals are formed
 * Intervention** – taking goals into action
 * Evaluation** – are the objectives met?

Week 6 Key Terms Exudate –mass or cells and fluir that has seeped out of blood vessels Erythema – superficial reddening of the skin Diplopic – visual impairment in which an object is seen as two objects Stenosis – abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body Maceration – softening due to soaking or steeping Vertigo – sensation of whirling and loss of balance Glaucoma – a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball SOFIA

Week 7 Key Terms Epigastric – anterior walls of the abdomen Gingivitis – inflammation of the gums Striae – number of longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain Heamatemisis – vomiting blood Buccal – relating to the mouth SOFIA Week 8 Key Terms Cachexic – weakness and wasting of the body due to chronic illness Constipation – difficulty in emptying he bowels Diarrhoea – frequent and watery bowel movement Diuresis - increased production of urine Dysuria – painful urination SOFIA

Week 9 Key Terms Absorption – mechanical and chemical breaking down of food into smaller components and absorbed into a blood stream Adverse effects – harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication Allergy – immune response by the body to a substance Apnoea – suspension of external breathing Cyanosis – bluish discolouration of the skin SOFIA

Week 10 Key Terms Flaccidity – a flaaby softness Paralysis – loss of ability to move Paresis – condition of muscular weakness caused by nerve damage Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing Dilation – state of being expanded SOFIA

E

Terminology for Medical Administration
Drug/medication- is any substance that modifies the body's function when takne into the body. Pharmacology- is the study of chemicals that affects the body's function Pharmacist- a person who is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs Doctor- a person who is legally responsible for prescribing medications. Nurse practitioners can also do this.

Extended release Preparation
These drugs are prepared either in the form of tablets or capsules and are designed to produce prolonged plasma concentrations of the active drug. This is generally designed for drugs with a relatively short half life where frequent dosing would be required.

Priyanka

A hoist is a piece of equipment used to help move mass, such as a patient.

mel

A new approach to patient handling (from patient handling guidelines) Lifting patients is one of the most signifi cant causes of injury to nurses and carers. It costs the industry and ACC many millions of dollars each year and causes a great deal of suffering. Over recent years a new approach has been used overseas with outstanding results. However, it requires an entirely new way of thinking. We can eliminate thinking that a lift will be involved in patient handling. Instead we can take an integrated approach towards risk assessment, handling patients, use of equipment and facility design.We call it the LITEN UP approach to patient handling. It sets a new best practice approach towards which all employers need to work. It’s a major change – but one that has huge benefi ts for everyone.

Eunah

DEFINITIONS
Adverse Events- injuries in a health care setting such as medicine errors, infection from surgery, falls in hospital or uncontrolled pain. Incidence reporting- documentation that describes any injury or potential for injury suffered by a patient in a health care facility. Risk Management- programs and systems designed to prevent harm resulting from adverse incidents that occur in the health care system. Sonya

incidence reporting can identify injuries that can be prevented in the future. measures can be put in place to ensure incidence prevention is effective mel

Patient handling
- Patient handling is a specialised are of manual handling, which includes any task that involves moving, pushing, pulling, supporting, positioning, carryling, lifting and lowering a patient either manually or with equipment such as a hoist, slide sheets, patient transfer belts and PAT slides.

Things to do if you see a risk or a problem
1. Change the hand you are working with 2. Change your body position if possible (this is difficult for scrub nurses) 3. Rearranging the work station so it suits you 4. Find alternatives 5. Don;'t be afraid to ask for help 6. Speak up if you are uncomfortable or having problems with carrying out a paticular task 7. Don't be a target and let people tell you what to do

Priyanka

__Sharps disposal__ – disposal of sharps is important to prevent needle stick injuries. Dispose of sharps in to the appropriate solid sharps disposal container which are yellow and display the biohazards sign. Do not dispose of sharps into plastic bags.

__Needle stick Injury__ – can happen when people don’t dispose of sharps properly or just accidentally. Needle stick injuries can cause transmission of infection and disease e.g. hepatitis B and C and HIV so the hospital will have protocol to follow. Starships protocol summary as is :

Summary of Procedure 1) Local wound care 2) Take blood for HIV, HBV and HCV at baseline and arrange follow-up bloods at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. N.B. Seroconversion would be grounds for ACC claim 3) Assess need for tetanus and HBV prophylaxis, and initiate 4) Assess risk level for HIV: this will be extremely low but if in doubt discuss with paediatric ID consultant. 5) Counsel family regarding need for these measures
 * from : []

needle stick injuries in NZ, this is the protocol 1) first aid (address the injury, such as contaminated skin=encourage bleeding from the wound and wash out area) 2) report the accident 3) get a blood test 4)immediate action if you know the patient you were handling was HIV positive or has a serious illness 5) further action if you know you have obtained a illness 6) follow up

[]

mel

Ellen

The LITEN UP principles: is a way to remember the key risk factors when we doing patient handling. L oad = the patient needs to be moved ( things we need to consider: their age, gender, medical condition, surgical wounds, pain, cognitive level, height and weight, physical ability, cooperation willingness, language barriers, culture consideration) I nidvidual = the carer ( similar consideration as to the load) T ask = the needs to be done ( is the person trained to do the task, are there any equipment can be used,how many times does it need to be done, is it an emergency condition, is the task necessary, how many ways the task can be done) E nvironment = the surroundings ( have a safer working environment) To sum up, STOP, THINK BEFORE YOU STEP ! from Tracy.



this is a good way to remember it mel Here is a helpful youtube link: []
 * Patient Handling**-Doing this as safe as possible, for both the nurse and the patient, is very important.


 * Sharps waste** is a form of medical waste composed of used //sharps//, which includes any device or object used to puncture or lacerate the skin. Sharps waste is classified as biohazardous waste and must be carefully handled. Common medical materials treated as sharps waste are. (Wikipedia definition)


 * Transfer Belts** are used during patient handling:

-Izzy:)

Transfer Belt: a belt around a persons waistuse to transfer them from one location to another by using it to hold on to Hazard: an unavoidable danger or risk, even though often foreseeable thus is important in the health care setting -Loren :) __Signs of Fatigue__ - Yawning or statements of feeling drowsy - Impatience and slow reaction times  - Sore or heavy eyes  - Sweaty hands, hunger, thirst or cramp  - Humming in the ears  - Not remembering the last few tasks - Lapses in attention or reduction in performance

__Preventing Fatigue__ - Healthy foods provide energy to function and sleep well. Eat 5 servings of fruit and vegetables daily - Alcohol negatively influences quality of sleep, wait till days off to drink alcohol - Caffeine is a stimulant and only good for short term use - If you're tired, only sleep can improve your concentration - Avoid caffeine for at least three hours before trying to sleep. **Nicole** Three goal in Nursing Practice under the influence of Treaty of Waitangi: Partnership: work together, achieve a common goal, equality and equity Participation: take part, actively contributing Protection: doing no harm, advocacy, confidientality and privacy. From Tracy
 * A COUPLE OF DEFINITIONS: **

CONTRACTURES: permanent contraction state of a muscle. FLACCIDITY: decreased muscle tone. A synonym with Hyoptonicity. PARESIS: impaired muscle strength or weakness. Hope you all feel relieved after turning in the assignment! -Sonya --These were for week 10, sorry.

ADVERSE EVENT: injuries in the health care setting such as medication errors, infection from surgery, falls in the hospital, uncontrolled pain or wrong procedures. INCIDENCE REPORTING: documentation that describes any injury or potential for injury suffered by a patient in a health care facility.
 * A COUPLE MORE FOR THIS WEEK!**

Hazard- a danger or risk that is often foreseeable. Needle stick injury- skin is accidentally punctures by a used needle. Hoist- a machine for lifting loads, in this case, a patient. -Hannah = = =equipment to use when handing patients= hoists sliding sheets (to reduce sheer forces and friction) transfer belts (support) PAT slides mel
 * Key Terms**

Definition for __SERIOUS HARM__ - Any condition that amounts to or results in permanent loss of bodily function or temporary severe loss of bodily function - Amputation of body part - Burns requiring referral to specialist - Loss of consciousness from lack of oxygen - Loss of consciousness or acute illness from absorption, inhalation or ingestion of any substance - Any harm that causes the person harmed to be hospitalised for a period of 48 hours or more commencing within 7 days of the harm’s occurrence. **Nicole**

__Clinical Skills- Bed Baths__
-Phyllis
 * Ask the patient if he/she wants to go to the toilet before help them to take a bath in bed
 * Assess the patient's ability to assist in the bathing process as well as personal hygiene preferences.
 * Make sure that water is of a comfortable and safe temperature.
 * Make sure that articles for bathing are placed conveniently on a bedside stand or table
 * Privacy- close the curtains and close the door if possible
 * remove the top linen from the bed and replace it with a bath blanket which helps maintain warmth and privacy
 * Raise the side rail if the patient is to be left unattended during the bath
 * Change water as necessary throughout the bath
 * keep the facial and body washing cloth seperate
 * Change bed linen after the bath

=__ Week 10 __=

__Dysphagia __ - is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing. Although classified under "symptoms and signs" in ICD-10, the term is sometimes used as a condition in its own right. Sufferers are sometimes unaware of their dysphagia. [|en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia]

- Ellen

activity intolerance - A person suffering from a physical or psychological inability to complete daily activities. The condition may be caused by weakness, bed rest, immobility, inadequate oxygen supply or sedentary lifestyle.

mel

Advantages and disadvantages of solutions as an oral dosage form: Advantages: easier to swallow, fast therapeutic response, evenly distributed, reduced irritation Disadvantages: unstable of ingredients, short shelf life, may provide a suitable medium for ogranisms to grow and taste of the drug often more pronounced.

Tracy.

For the hygiene clinical skills: = = -Remember to not only perform the normal hygiene, but also **grooming**, which involves the things that may not be necessary yet will provide the patient with the self confidence needed. This may involve trimming facial hair, shaving or brushing the hair of the patient. = = -You must also maintain patient **dignity.** Although they have to be exposed when being bathed, ensure this is done in the most contained way possible to make it a more durable experience. = =
 * Loren :)

= = quality of lack of tone of muscular or vascular organ or tissue.lack of firmness, resiliance or muscle tone. complete loss of strength in an affected limb or muscle group. A chronic pathological condition in which the muscles are affected by persistent spasms and exaggerated tendon reflexes because of damage to the central nervous system __tendon reflex__ one elicited by a sharp tap on the appropriate tendon or muscle to induce brief stretch of the muscle, followed by contraction. __patellar reflex__ contraction of the quadriceps and extension of the leg when the patellar ligament is tapped __Babinski's reflex__ dorsiflexion of the big toe on stimulation of the sole, occurring in lesions of the pyramidal tract, although a normal reflex in infants.
 * flaccidity**
 * paralysis**
 * spastic paralysis **
 * Reflex**
 * //__ Elland __//**

Importance of hygiene
Maintaining personal hygiene is necessary for many reasons; these can be personal, social, for health reasons, psychological or simply as a way of life. Essentially keeping a good standard of hygiene helps to prevent the development and spread of infections, illnesses and bad odours

some interesting site about hygiene
[]

Eunah

__**Mental Status Assessment**__
- Is the response appropriate- are they oriented to time, place and people? - Use of the Glasgow Coma Scale (above 12 is good but anything below 12 indicates severe neurological impairment) Priyanka
 * -** assess level of alertness- responsive to touch, pain, verbal

__**CNII**__
- this is the optic nerve and it is sensory. - Assess mental acuity by use of the Snellen Chart - Assess visual field by holding fingers out laterally to the patient's ears and gradually move forward and inward until the finger is seen. Make sure to move the finger all the way to the centre because sometimes there might be gaps in the visual where the person can't see. Priyanka

__**Personal hygiene**__ -This includes washing and grooming -Nails and hair are extensions of the skin -for patients who have continence issues, ensure their perineum area is clean -note for men with beards and moustaches of food particles getting stuck there, as this is a perfect environment for bacteria to grow -always gather information from a patient about the way they like to be showed and if they are capable and independent to show themselves -consider cultural and ethical barriers and keep your opinions to yourself there are three types of assistance 1) self care- patient is capable of managing personal hygiene independently 2) partial care - patient needs some assistance with their personal hygiene 3) complete/full care- patient needs assistance for all their personal hygiene mel :)

__Neurological assessment__
words with appropriate pictures
 * Level of awareness**
 * Time: what day of the week is it? what is the date today?( remember that it's difficult to know the exact date when one is ill, in pain or in unfamiliar surroundings)
 * Place: Do you know where you are now?
 * Person: What's your name? How old are u ?
 * Level of consciousness**: The degree of awakefulness or the ability of a person to be aroused
 * Alert = remains awake easily; responds to all stimuli
 * Lethargic=drowsy or asleep, but can be aroused by gently shaking and saying the person's name
 * Stuporous= unconscious; must be shaken or shouted at to be aroused; responds to painful stimuli
 * comatose= cannot be aroused, even with use of painful stimuli; may have some reflex activity, if no, the patient is in deep comaMe
 * Memmory**
 * Access both immediate and past memory
 * Abstract reasoning**
 * Language:** some simple methods of assessment include asking the patient to name items in the room, to read a short sentence aloud, or to match printed and spoken

-Phyllis

Eunah

__Cranial Nerves__ Spinal **A**ccessory (M) CN 11
 * O**lfactory (S) CN 1
 * O**ptic (S) CN 2
 * O**culomotor (M) CN 2&3
 * T**rochlear (M) CN 3&4
 * T**rigeminal (B) CN 5
 * A**bducens (M) CN 6
 * F**acial (B) CN 7
 * V**estibulococlear (S) CN 8
 * G**lossopharyngeal (B) CN 9&10
 * V**agus (B) CN 9&10
 * H**ypoglossal (M) CN 12

To remember names - **O**h **O**nce **O**nce **T**akes **T**he **A**natomy **F**inal **V**ery **G**ood **V**acations **A**re **H**eavenly To remember function - (S)ome (S)ay (M)arry (M)oney (B)ut (M)y (B)rother (S)ays (B)ig (B)rains (M)atter (M)ore Have fun learning that lot :) **Nicole** thanks for this :)

You expand your chest. Your diaphragm lowers so as to enable you to expand you chest even wider. Your airway opens, because of the difference in pressure air rushes in. Air travels to your lungs Air travels to your alveoli (small sack likes things in your lungs that look like grapes) Because of the difference in air concentration air passes via diffusion into your bloodstream. CO2 and some left over oxygen passes back into the alveoli from the bloodstream Since the chest is expanded it springs back to normal pushing this CO2 out of your body. -Phyllis :)
 * key terms for the week**
 * contracture**: an abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle
 * Dysphasia**: a disorder of language ability as a result of cortext injury, may be __expressive__( the indicidual understands written and spoken words but cannot write or speak to communicate effectively) or __receptive__(the individual cannnot understand spoken or written words)
 * Paresis**: a slight or partial paralysis
 * thrombosis**: the formation or presence of a thrombus (a clot of coagulated blood attached at the site of its formation) in a blood vessel

__Flaccidity__- Lacking firmness, resilience, or muscle tone __Activity Tolerance__- The type and amount of exercise a patient may be able to perform without undue exertion or possible injury. __Reflex__- A reflected action or movement; the sum total of any particular automatic response mediated by the nervous system **Nicole**

**Computerised Tomography scan (CT scan):** //A computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the body.// ( http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm)

**Dignity:** In the Collins English Dictionary dignity is defined as (i) the state or quality of being worthy of honour and (ii) a sense of self importance (to stand on one's dignity, beneath one's dignity). Accordingly, dignity can be understood as a personal attribute that is recognised by oneself and/or others and commands respect.

**Oculomotor:** The **oculomotor nerve** is the 3rd of 12 paired cranial nerves. It controls most of the eye's movement and constriction of the pupil, and maintains an open eyelid.

-Izzy

Seven rights of Medication administration: The Right medication: check medication label against medication chart and think is the medication appropriate for patient The Right dose :check with medication chart and to see if it in the usual dose range. The Right route : eg, by mouth, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, by rectum. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Right time : eg, AC,PC, OD,BD,TDS,QID, Q6h,Mane,Nocte <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Right patient : check using at least 2 identifiers( HNI, name, DOB, address) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Right documentation :document date and dosage before administration and time and signiture after administration <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Right to refuse: patients have rights to refuse and nurses have right to refuse drug admistration.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From Tracy

=__ Week 9 __=


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;">Oxygen deficiency __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">People can get confused between the two types of oxygen deficiency Hypoxaemia : is oxygen deficiency in the arterial blood (ie before the oxygen has been transported to tissues and cells in the body) Caused by: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Alveolar hypoventilation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Membrane diffusion problems <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Shunting

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hypoxia: is oxygen deficiency in the cell of the body Caused by <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Hypoxaemia : because there is not enough O2 in the blood to begin with. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Anaemia <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Hypotension <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Cellular damage <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">-Ellen


 * Pharmaceutical formulation**, in [|pharmaceutics], is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active [|drug], are combined to produce a final [|medicinal product]

Eunah

pharmodynamics = body to drug pharmokinetics=drug to body mel

Pharmacology to patient care:
Pre- administartion assessment. eg. head to toe assessment Dosage and administration. eg. choose the right amount of dosage and right routine to administrate Evaluating therapeutic response. eg. how does patient feel about Minimizing adverse effects Minimizing adverse during interaction. eg. does the patient having other drugs which would interact the medications you have administrated?

From Tracy. Hope everyone can a great weekend!!

__**A Couple More Terms**__: Hypoxia- inadequate oxygen avaliable to cells. Hypoxaemia- Defficient oxygenation of the blood. Cheyne-Stokes- gradual increase then gradual decrease in depth of respiration followed by a period of apnoea. Apnoea- absense of breathing. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with [|pharmacodynamics]. Pharmacokinetics includes the study of the mechanisms of absorption and distribution of an administered drug, the rate at which a drug action begins and the duration of the effect, the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as [|CYP] or [|UGT] [|enzymes]) and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug.
 * Sonya**
 * Pharmacokinetics**, sometimes abbreviated as **PK**, (from [|Ancient Greek] //pharmakon// "drug" and //kinetikos// "to do with motion"; see [|chemical kinetics]) is a branch of [|pharmacology] dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins.

Eunah

- patient name - date order was written - medication name - medication dosage - route of administration - frequency of adminstration - name and signature of prescriber aaaand The right. . . 1. medication 2. dosage 3. route 4. time 5. patient 6. documentation 7. to refuse
 * __Elements of a Medication order__**
 * __The__ __7 Rights of medication Administration__**
 * Nicole **

=__What we need for breathing__= - Functioning airway system to transport air to and from lungs - Properly functioning alveolar system in lungs (oxygenates venous blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood) - Properly functioning cardiovascular and haematological system (carries nutrients and wastes to and from body cells). Also, blood system with appropriate blood pressure. -Pri- =__Important Upper Airway Anatomy and Physiology__= 1. Nose- for warming air 2. Pharynx and Larynx- for filtering the air 3. Epiglottis- For humidifying inspired air (supplemented oxygen is given when people can't do this on their own). -Pri-

I have found a video on Youtube about RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT which might be helpful. [|Respiratory assessment video on Youtube]

From Tracy.

__Questions to ask when performing a RESPIRATORY assessment__ - Do you have any nasal problems? (snoring, apnoea & arousal, daytime drowsiness) - Ask about haemoptysis (coughing up of blood) - Are you having any shortness of breath? ( Dyspnoea) - Have you or are you experiencing any chest pain, wheezing or coughing with or without any phlegm? **Nicole**

__ The Nursing Process __ Objective data -Physical assessment -Measured data - Follow up the questions you ask to the full extent, "good morning Mrs.. have you had a bowel motion yet this morning?.. would you like to go?... what time of day do you normally....? -Diagnostic test results -Observation -Pain perception is 100% Subjective Subjective data -Client�s statements -Family observations of client�s responses
 * ASSESSMENT**

**PLANNING**
Diagnosis -Determine what the problem is -Determine the potential risks Objectives -Realistic - depends on the patient's determination CONTEXT -Client focused -Measurable -Appropriate time-frame: short, medium or long-term - pain/healing: CONTEXT

Determine the nursing care required to assist the client meet the objectives Determine whether other health professionals may need to be involved (physiotherapist, occupational therapist, dietician etc.) (interventions) Provide clear rationale: - means of deliver beyond analgesic (drug pain relief) - distraction, books, t.v. family been tovisit, talking, comfort, position
 * IMPLIMENTATION**

Ask these questions: Was the objective met? if not why not, DOCUMENT change/add/increase/encourage Is the objective realistic? Is more time required to meet the objective? Do I need to change the nursing interventions? Constantly re-evaluating how treatment is going/working. //__(^ Elland) __// // Well written! Thanks for the summary- Sonya //
 * EVALUATION**

__Terms for the week__
-Hannah //-Loren// the lungs are the organs we use in respiration. it divides into left and right compartments in summary: lung->lobes->segments/lobules->bronchopulmpnary segments mel
 * Inspiration:** the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing
 * Inhalation**: action of breathing in
 * Cyanosis:** bluish colour of the skin
 * Apnoea**: Periods of no breathing

patients, characterized by alternating periods of shallow and deep breathing. -Phyllis interior and performs [|gas exchange]. In [|humans] and other [|mammals], the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, [|lungs], and the respiratory muscles. [|Molecules] of [|oxygen] and [|carbon dioxide] are passively exchanged, by [|diffusion], between the gaseous external environment and the [|blood]. This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs.[|[][|1][|]]
 * Cheyne-Stokes**:An abnormal type of breathing seen especially in comatose( in a state of deep and usually prolonged unconsciousness)
 * Hypoxaemia**: decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood
 * Hypoxia**: Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

Read more: [|http://www.answers.com/topic/cheyne-stokes-respiration#ixzz1ZP9kGBIv]

__** Allergy: **__ An //allergy// is a reaction of your immune system to something that does not bother most other people Some allergy symptoms: __** Dyspnoea: **__ Shortness of breath.
 * __Nasal cannula:__** A device used to deliver supplemental oxygen or airflow to a patient or person in need of respiratory help.

-Izzy :)

=__ Week 8 __= =__ A couple more terms! __=
 * __Chemotherapy:__** A type of treatment for cancer that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells.

A //diuretic// provides a means of forced //diuresis// which elevates the rate of urination.
 * __Diuresis:__**

To feel or express grief or sorrow
 * __Mourning:__**

--Izzy :) = = Constipation: passage of dry and hard faecal material. Needs to be clarified for each patient. Can be quite subjective. It is important to understand the patients normal elimination patterns.

Defication is a synonym for a bowl movement. Or emptying of the intestinal tract.

Ethnocentrism: judgement of other people based on the standards and practices of one's own culture. I think nurses need to stive not to be ethnocentric.

Good night. Hope you all had a great weekend! Sonya

Dysuria - pain when passing urine Incontinence - any involuntary passing/ leakage of urine **Nicole**

Greif � there are five stages of grief according to the K�bler-Ross model
 * __<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Palliative Care __**
 * 1) Denial: Denial is usually only a temporary defence for the individual.
 * 2) Anger: Once in the second stage, the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue. Because of anger, the person is very difficult to care for due to misplaced feelings of rage and envy.
 * 3) Bargaining: The third stage involves the hope that the individual can somehow postpone or delay the outcome. Usually, the negotiation is made with a higher power in exchange for a reformed lifestyle.
 * 4) Depression: During the fourth stage, the person begins to understand the certainty of situation. Because of this, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and grieving. This process allows the person to disconnect from things of love and affection. It is not recommended to attempt to cheer up an individual who is in this stage. It is an important time for grieving that must be processed.
 * 5) Acceptance: In this last stage, an individual begins to come to terms with their mortality, or that of a loved one, or other tragic event.

Ellen Good summary! Sonya

yeah this model is really good to sum it all up. also, you have to keep in mind people can go backwards and forwards between stages mel

Stool characteristics assessment
While assessing a patient's stool, look for: - frequency, colour, consistency, shape, amount and odour

You can ask patients to look at their own stool and then tell you what they found using the scale. But avoid using the term "sausage" for Type 4 as many people can find it offensive to relate their stools to food. **Nicole**

Three types of incontinence (urine)
Stress incontinence- when 20-50ml of urine passes due to coughing or sneezing Urgent incontinence- this is associated with frequency. When people go to the toilet frequently because their bladder thinks its full even when its 50ml full. They go because they are scared they might have incontinence problems. Function incontinence- this is when the patient can't get to the toilet because of temporary mobility problems

The modern concept of hospice includes palliative care for the incurably ill given in such institutions as hospitals or nursing homes, but also care provided to those who would rather die in their own homes. - Tracy
 * Hopsice Care**
 * Palliative care** is a specialized area of healthcare that focuses on relieving and preventing the suffering of patients. Unlike //hospice care//, palliative medicine is appropriate for patients in //all disease stages//, including those undergoing treatment for curable illnesses and those living with chronic diseases, as well as patients who are nearing the end of life.

- Elland Great summary! Sonya
 * Alterations and problems with urination:**
 * Frequency - Voiding more often than ~4-6 times a day (depends what is normal to patient... are they in a habbit..)
 * Nocturia - Increased frequency of urination at night (that is about all Steadman's says too)
 * Urgency - Strong desire to void urine "needing to go now"
 * Hesitancy - An involuntary delay or inability in starting the urinary system
 * Dysuria - Difficulty in or Painful urination, a burning sensation during urination
 * Enuresis - Repeated involuntary urination during the night, i.e during sleep. More common in children under 7, Lay term - "Bed wetting"
 * Retention - 'The keeping in the body of what would normally should be discharged'. Not passing urine //and bladder distention//. Correct me if I am wrong - in dehydration the (hypothalamus/Pituitary gland..) releases Anti-Diuretic Hormone, diuretic - makes you pee, anti - holds it in, water retention because intake is not enough for body's needs.
 * Incontinence - **the meaning of this can be different on a patient to patient basis.** Inability to prevent discharge of urine or faeces; stress weakening pelvic floor muscles, urgency increased, overflow causing the 'damn' effect

faecal impaction occurs when faecal matter is blocking more than the rectum, but further up the GI tract mel

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Melena**: Dark sticky feces containing partly digested blood //-Loren// What descriptive terms! Sonya
 * Terms for the week:**
 * Enema**: A procedure in which liquid or gas is injected into the rectum
 * Defecation**: The expulsion of faeces from the anus and rectum

-Hannah -Phyllis
 * Constipation**- passage of dry and hard faecal matter
 * Dysuria**- difficulty in voiding
 * Micturition**- process of emptying the bladder
 * Heamaturia**: Blood in the urine. Painful hematuria can be caused by a number of disorders, including infections and stones in the urinary tract. Painless hematuria can also be due to many causes, including cancer.
 * Nocturia:** Excessive urinating at night.
 * Oliguria**: Scanty or greatly diminished amount of urine void in a given time.


 * Drugs for bowel elimination:**

From Tracy
 * Suppositories: a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves.
 * Laxatives: it help to reabsorb water in rectum making faeces more moisture and promote perstalisis actions. Laxatives may be oral or in suppository form.
 * Enemas: is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. The increasing volume of the liquid causes rapid expansion of the lower intestinal tract, often resulting in very uncomfortable bloating, cramping, powerful peristalsis, a feeling of extreme urgency and complete evacuation of the lower intestinal tract. An enema has the advantage over any laxative in its speed of action

= __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">WEEK 7 __ =

Health and Disability Code of Rights - []. The code basically outlines rules and regulations to ensure patients are treated fairly, equally and to make sure they can access the health care they require withoud needing to be scared. **Nicole** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Oral Assessment**//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Some sympotoms related to abnormailites: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Red, swollen tonsil - indicates infection <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Swollen,red and bleeding gus - indicated nutritional deficits inflammation, poorly fitted denture, poor oral hygiene <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">White coating on the tongue- indicate poor hygiene, irritation or smoking <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fissured tongue- indicates dehydration <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bright, red tongue- indicates deficit in Vitamine B12 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Black, hairy tongue- may caused by usage if antibodies

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977//**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">// Abortion // means a medical or surgical procedure carried out or to be carried out for the purpose of terminating of pregancy. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In the //Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977// Regulations in New Zealand require that abortions after 12 weeks gestation be performed in a 'licensed institution,' which is generally understood to be a hospital. Abortions must be approved by //two doctors// (referred to as "certifying consultants" within the legislation) � //one of whom must be a gynaecologist or obstetrician//. //Counselling// is optional if the woman desires it, but is not mandatory within current abortion law. Abortions to be performed for the following reasons, providing the abortion is approved by two certifying consultants and the pregnancy is less than 20 weeks old: Other factors which may be considered, but are not in themselves grounds for abortion, are: New Zealand has //no parental notification// restrictions on //under-sixteen// access for abortion. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">As professional health care givers, nurses should not to persuade patients whether should or not have abortion with their own values or feelings.
 * to save the life of the woman (even if after 20 weeks)
 * to preserve the physical health of the woman
 * to preserve the mental health of the woman
 * foetal impairment
 * in cases of incest
 * cases of rape
 * certain social factors (e.g., the girl's age in a teenage pregnancy).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">From Tracy. Hope everyone could have a great weekend after going through this such stressful week! *** GREAT INFORMATION! HOPE YOU HAD A GREAT WEEKEND AND DID WELL ON YOUR EXAMS!- Sonya

The 4 quadrants to inspect, palpate, percuss and auscultateduring abdominal assessment
Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant

People who require oral assessment and care
1. People who are nil by mouth or on oxygen therapy 2. Unconscious 3. People who have undergone some form of medical condition or have undergone a surgical procedure 4. People who are on medication such as steroids or opoids 5. Self care deficits e.g. someone with a stroke who can't use their hands to brush their teeth

__Ethical Principles__
Autonomy -respect the rights of patient�s or their surrogates to make health care decisions. Provide the information and support patients and families need to make the decision that is right for them; at all times, this may mean collaborating with other members of the health-care team to advocate for the patient.

Beneficence -benefit the patient and balance benefits against risks and harms. Commit yourself to actively promoting the patients benefits (health and wellbeing). Be sensitive to the fact that individuals (patients, family members and professional caregivers) may identify benefits and harms differently. A benefit to one may be a burden to another.

Veracity- Tell the truth.

Justice -give each his or her due; act fairly. Always seek to distribute the benefits, risks and costs of nursing care justly. This may involve recognising subtle instances of bias or discrimination

Non Maleficence-avoid causing harm; seek not to inflict harm, seek to prevent harm or risk of harm wherever possible

Fidelity-Keep promises. Be faithful to the promise you made to the public to be competent and to be willing to use your competence to benefit the patients entrusted to your care. Never abandon a patient entrusted to your care without firs providing for their needs.

Confidentiality- respecting privileged information. Keeping private information private.

Definitions from Dempsey et al. fundamentals of nursing and midwifery

Ellen

Here is a really useful website about abdominal assessment

[] = = //**I P P A: inspection** - looking, visual cues, note colour, characteristics, dry/moist, inflammed, red/pale...//

//**Palpation** is used as part of a physical examination in which an object is felt (usually with the hands of a healthcare practitioner) to determine its size, shape, firmness, or location. Palpation should not be confused with palpitation, which is an awareness of the beating of the heart.//

//**Percussion** is tapping on body parts to listen for sounds (ir/regular, dull/tympany = hollow (air/gas/liquid filled) or Solid)// //The purpose is to evaluate the size, consistency, and borders of body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in body areas.// //Percussion of a body part produces a sound -- like playing a drum -- that indicates the type of tissue within the body part or organ://
 * //Lungs sound hollow on percussion because they are filled with air.//
 * //Bones, joints, and solid organs such as the liver sound solid.//
 * //The abdomen sounds like a hollow organ filled with air, fluid, or solids.//

//**Auscultation** - Listening to body motions through the bell side of a stethescope// //e.g. heart sounds, bowel sounds/abdominal sounds, breath sounds// //done in order to evaluate the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds.// //teethies, remember the dangly thing at back of mouth is called the **UVULA**, this diagramme is helpful - you can see the tonsils// //Papillae are all over tongues, they are just lumpier at the back// //this picture has wisdom teeth, you can tell because there are 3 molars// //in 1 quarter of a mouth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 2-3 molars...... 8*4=32 teeth in an adult mouth//

// **Biggest thing about clinical** : You brush your teeth this way, you start with..., this much toothpaste, up and down side to side.....// //**but how does your patient like to do it???**// //Discuss beforehand, receive __CONSENT__ everytime, every patient// //patient cannot talk with a toothbrush in their mouth, eyes will portray feelings, but can't talk - can't express// //make a plan to raise hand or something when want to spit, have a towel around their neck too anyway.// All the best everyone, Elland **NICE SUMMARY!!!- Sonya = = =some key terms of the week= - Phyllis ^_^
 * Anorexia**: A prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite.
 * borborygmu**s: A rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines
 * dysphagia**: A condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful

Some more key terms! :) -Loren
 * Advocacy**: Supporting the patient and acting on behalf of them when appropriate.
 * Buccal:** relating to the mouth.
 * Jaundice**: Yellowish appearance of skin, which indicates problems with liver
 * Papillae**: taste buds on tongue, appear as small lumps

More Key Terms- Week 7- From Dempsy!

Sonya (hope you all enjoyed your weekend of catching up!)
 * Paternalism**- acting for patients with out their consent to secure good or prevent harm.
 * Paterniship-** an approach that necessitates empowerment through a sharing of power by accepting the rights of people acknowledging automy and engaging in informed decision making with the person and others that are part of the relationship.
 * Stereotyping**- assigning characteristics to a group of people without considering individuality.
 * Values**- a set of beliefs which are meaningful in life and that influence relationships with others.

Heya:) Here are some definitions that should help:D __//**Colonoscopy:**//__ A //colonoscopy// is a test to look at the inside of your colon, performed by a doctor. __//**Gingivitus:**//__ When the gums are inflammed-A form of periodontal disease __//**Striae:**//__ Striae are irregular areas of skin that look like bands, stripes, or lines. Striae are seen when a person grows or gains weight rapidly or has certain diseases or conditions. Striae are commonly called stretch marks. (From Medlineplus website)

-Izzy :-)

= __WEEK 6__ =

Neuromuscular system consists of:
1.) sensory and motor nerves found at the extremities; a.) arm- radial, median and ulnar nerves. b.) leg- deep peroneal, superficial peroneal and tibial nerves. 2.) Blood vessels- arteries and veins. These blood vessels are found: a.) arm arteries- brachial, radial and ulnar. b.) leg arteries- femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis.
 * Just wanted to add again that I love how this is organized- It really helps with studying being able to go back to a specific week and see related info together! Sonya

Key Terms:

Venous Ulcer
These are mostly found in diabetics. It occurs because of venous stasis caused by the valves of the legs not functioning properly. This means that blood is not pumped as effectively into or out of the area and it pools.

Hey guys:) Just some more terms for the week.
 * Atherosclerosis** = the build up of a waxy plaque on the inside of blood vessels. It's often called arteriosclerosis.
 * Anaphylaxis** = a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen. After being exposed to a substance such as bee sting venom, the person's immune system becomes sensitized to it. On a later exposure to that allergen, an allergic reaction may occur.
 * Diplopia=** The condition in which a single object appears as two objects. Also called "double vision."

//Have a great mid-semester break everyone ^O^// //--Phyllis//

Last week! :) Just some examples from class today, Acute wound: cutting self when chopping veges Chronic wound: venous ulcers //-Loren// = = There are 3 phases of wound healing //Inflammatory Phase-// begins at time of injury. 2 major physiological activities: haemostasis and vascular and cellular phase of inflammation //Proliferate Phase-// Happens within 2-3 days and could be lasting 2-3 weeks. New tissue is built to fill the wound space, this new tissue is called granulation tissue. //Maturation Phase-// starts at 3 weeks and could continue up to 6-12 months. Collagen that was deposited in the wound is remodeled and the scar becomes a flat, thin white line.

Hope studying's going well for everyone this week. :) Asepsis- freedom from infection or infectious material Erythema- redness of the skin Hoping you all have a great break! I am glad we are doing the definitions- Seems like it helped me on the test! Here are a couple more from week 6 (Taken from our text) Asepsis- absence of disease producing microorganisms- free of infection Dehiscences- seperation of layers of a surgical wound. Can be partial superficial or complete disruption. Granulation Tissue- new tissue- pink or red in color- composed of figroblasts and small blood vessel- fills in an open wound when it starts to heal. See you soon Sonya
 * Key Terms**
 * MORE KEY TERMS**

//**Nutritional Assessment**//

Things we need to consider when we have nutritional assessment
 * patient's height, weight (BMI)
 * unusal weight loss or gain
 * diet history- usually 24 hours diet recall
 * ability to eat eg. appetite, nausea, swallow
 * vomitting and diarrheoa
 * past or current drug history
 * food intolerance and allergies
 * social factors such as social network, whether being isolated and feeling depressed
 * biochemistry

Objective data to look at when assessing a patients fluids: - moisture in oral cavity - tearing and salivation - body weight (daily) - vital signs - jugular venous pressure - bowel function/ elimination - neurological assessment **Nicole**

//**MRSA**// = methidlin resistant staphylococcus aureus
 * MRSA is especially troublesome in hospitals and nursing homes where patients with open wounds, invasive devices and weakened immune systems are at greater risk of infection than the general public.
 * highly resistent towards penicillin and some antibotics
 * MRSA screening is required for admission screening for patients who had been in another NZ or overseas hospitals in last 12 months including rest homes, private living or accommodation, private hospitals.
 * Sites for screening: nose, perineum and any wounds or skin leisions, vascular access site and tracheotomies

From Tracy.

//**Defintions--->**// __**Cataracts:**__ //A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline of the eye or in its envelope.// __**Epithelialisation:**__ //The regeneration of the skin surface across the wound. Epithelialisation can occur from the wound edges or around natural islands (i.e. hair follicles) following the migration of epithelial cells.//

__**Cholesterol:**__ A waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines. It is used to produce hormones and cell membranes and is transported in the blood. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes and is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity.

-Izzy :)

__Basal metabolism__ - The minimum amount of energy required to maintain vital functions in an organism at complete rest, measured by the basal metabolic rate in a fasting individual who is awake and resting in a comfortably warm environment. __Electrolytes__- Chemically, electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Ones we typically look at are sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. **Nicole**

• Released in 2005

• ACC lead agency in consultation with

Falls SRG and working group (Health

representation from MoH, DHBs)

• Covers at risk population groups

(children 0-4,children 5-15 and adults

65+ ), and settings (the home,

residential care, places for recreation

and sport including playgrounds)

• Currently developing the implementation

plan

• 43% hospitalisations from unintentional

injuries are fall related

• 500,000 new fall related ACC claims

some facts about fall risk (NZ) Eunah

**__WEEK 5__** = = these are not the week 5 key terms, just some interesting points I found in study - from looking up ethical codes and oaths Ellie. hope everyone is getting on swiftly with their assignment
 * Empathy**�The ability to identify with the feelings or thoughts of another person.
 * Ethics**�A system or set of moral principles; also, the study of values relating to human conduct.
 * Hippocratic Oath**�The ethical oath attributed to Hippocrates that is used as a standard for care by physicians worldwide.
 * Non-normative ethics**�An approach to ethics that emphasizes analysis of moral decisions without making judgments of right or wrong.
 * Normative ethics**�An approach to ethics that attempts to define right and wrong and distinguish between them.
 * Rapport**�A relation between two people that is harmonious and sympathetic

=Nurse- Client relationship:= The nurse provides sound judgement to the client. She should be able to justify what she does. The nurse practices within the code of ethics The nurse provides nursing practice which meets the standards developed by the profession The nurse advocates for the client so that they receive the appropriate health care.

The Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act - [] Its good to have this kind of thing in NZ legislation, it protects both clients and health professionals. It allows for consistant procedures and terminology as well as ensuring all those that practice under it are competent. . but you may have guessed that. . . **Nicole**

Muscle tissue can be one of several types in the body: smooth, cardiac, or skeletal. For our purposes we are concerned with skeletal muscle, which makes up the bulk of the body's muscle and is the tissue we use for physical activity. The muscle that you can see is composed of subunits called fascicles. Fascicles are bundles of individual muscle fibers. Each fiber is one elongated cell that may extend for the length of the muscle. Each muscle fiber cell has several nucleii (unlike most cells, which have only one), and is segmented into distinct sectional bands. Within each muscle cell are numerous myofibrils, which also extend for the length of the muscle cell. Sarcomeres are the basic contractile subunit of myofibrils Eunah = = =4 types of bones comprising the skeletal system:= 1. Long bones- contribute to height and length. They are found at the upper and lower extremities e.g. femur and humerus 2. Short bones- these bones contribute to movement e.g. bones of wrist and ankle 3. Flat bones- these bones are thin and contribute to shape e.g. bones found in ribs and several skull bones 4. Irregular bones- all the other bones e.g. spinal column and jaws Priyanka

**Joint types based on material between adjoining bone:**
--__Fibrous__: Immovable, there is no joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue between bones. (e.g. //structures between bones)// --__Cartilaginous__: Slightly movable; no joint cavity; cartilarge between bones.(e.g. //joints between bodies of vertebrate//) __--Synovial__: Freely movable; Joint cavity containing synovial fluid; (e.g. //gliding, hinge,pivot, condyloid//)

-Phyllis =Heart Lab= When thinking about the heart: Arteries lead away from the heart and Veins go to the heart: SO The heart flow is from the left ventricle through the systemic capillaries back to the right atriole, and through the right ventricle, off to the lung capillaries. Then back on to the Left atrium. I always mix this up. It is really helpful to understand for lab (Medsci). Sonya

I always got it mix up too. Nicely summarized. Thanks Sonya! --Phyllis ^_^


 * Referencing**

Referencing has been driving me nuts. It is a really particular process. Be sure to check out all of the resources to be sure you have it correct. It is important to reference correctly just like it is important to chart a patient correctly. It is how we find our way around each others work. The Student Learning Center has a great referencing resource. Our course page does too- but I tend to like printed material. Good Luck!

Nursing assessment for mobility: General mobility and assessment: the level of daily activities :how long and frequency of they spent on daily life
 * how much and what type of activity makes patients tired or exhausted
 * attitude, knowledge,motivation and current goal

mobility problems : problems with movements or during the process of physical or mental health alterations: decrease, neuromuscular,musculoskeletal, cognitive impairment ,pain, depression or anxiety external factors eg, the place where they live in, the level of income they achieve Physical assessment: Ease of movement: observe the patient walking (whether is coordinated, controlled, involuntary movement)Gait and posture:observe how they walkAligment: is it a straight line from head, shoulder and hipJoint structure and function: palpation, symmetry, deformities,pain existance. mass, tone and strengthEndurance: turning, sitting or standing posture.

From Tracy

**Rehabilitation:** Rehabilitation is a treatment or treatments designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury, illness, or disease to as normal a condition as possible. = = **Restorative Care:** The purpose of restorative care is to increase independence, and ultimately our resident�s self-esteem and self-image through improved mobility and better physical functioning. --Izzy = =

Falls
//A////n unexpected event in which the person comes to rest on the ground floor or lower level (Hauer et al., 2006)//
 * Elderly people and very young children have the greater risk of falling
 * Serious injuries occur and require hospitalisations
 * Hip fractures are the most common and serious fall-related injury

note: it is still considered to be a fall even if the person drops to a lower level and does not get hurt/have an injury Risk factors of falling can be divided into two factors: Intrinsic factors include: Extrinsic factors are more environment-focused; includes: //**- Maria Anjealyn Cadacio :)**//
 * Risk Factors**
 * **Intrinsic Factors**
 * **Extrinsic Factors**
 * //Medical conditions//such as hypotension, osteoporosis, etc.
 * //Impaired vision and hearing//
 * //Age-related changes//
 * //Injuries//
 * //Environment//
 * //Medications//
 * //Impaired mobility//

Falls have huge implications other than the purely medical ones too. From a whole person perspective, they can be very damaging to an individuals state of mind and self-confidence. One can loose faith in their own ability to perform every day taks to look after themselves. It can also make them feel embarrased as family members become more sesnitive to the fact that the individual may be loosing thier independance. **Nicole**

//Hey guys! yet another week! hospital visits this week! hope you're all feeling alright! :)// I found this diagram online about all the different joints, it might help to get a better understanding of the different types:) they use a different name for the condyloid and added in saddle but I'm sure you'll figure it out :) -Loren :)
 * Thanks Loren for this great diagram. It is very clear and helpful**

From Tracy
 * Terms commonly used to describe body position and movements**
 * Abudction**: lateral movement of a body part //away// from the midline of the body.
 * Adduction**: lateral movement of a body part //towards// the midline of the body.
 * Flexion**: the state of being //bent//.
 * Extension**: the state of being //in a straight line//.
 * Rotation**: turning on an axis. the turning of a body on the axis provided by its joints.
 * Pronation**: the assumption of the //prone position//,eg a person is in the prone situation when lying on the abdomen.
 * Supination**: the assumption of the //supine position//. the opposite side of prone.
 * Inversion**:movement of the sole of the foot //inward//( occurs at the ankle )
 * Eversion** : movement of the sole of the foot //outward//( occurs at the ankle)


 * Thanks Tracy this is a good summary and very clear definitions. Sonya**

This includes: Health History- to identify risk factors Physical Assessment- make the patient to a variety of positions. sitting, standing, etc. Inspect and Palpate the Muscles- test muscle tone and strength Palpate the Bones- for normal contour and prominence, bilateral symmetry Inspect and Palpate the Joints- flexion, extension, hyperextension Inspect Spinal Curves- in standing position, inspect from back and side.
 * Assessing the Musculoskeletal System**

Client Advocate- gives the patient the right information to make decision for themselves and be involved in their treatment Educator- informing patients and their families about the disease process, nutrition, medication, etc. Care Manager- directs the various services towards a common goal of improving the client's health Referral Agent- referring clients to other services
 * Roles of nursing in the community**

Advocacy- protection and support of another's right
 * Key Terms**

-Hannah = __**WEEK 4**__ = = = Week 4 Key Terms: Lesions -region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage Macules - patch of skin that is discoloured but not usully elevated Melanoma -tumour of melanin-forming cells - a malignant tumour associated with skin cancer Necrosis -death of most cells in a tissue due to disease Nodule - a small swelling of cells in the body
 * -sofia**

= = Eunah __**Paradigms**__ Because I haven�t posted in a while here�s some more:
 * **Types of** **Research - Definitions** ||
 * Some of these may be not covered in lectures but I have posted just for interest :) ||
 * **Action research** is a methodology that combines action and research to examine specific questions, issues or phenomena through observation and reflection, and deliberate intervention to improve practice. ||
 * **Applied research** is research undertaken to solve practical problems rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge sake. ||
 * **Basic research** is experimental and theoretical work undertaken to acquire new knowledge without looking for long-term benefits other than the advancement of knowledge. ||
 * **Clinical trials** are research studies undertaken to determine better ways to prevent, screen for, diagnose or treat diseases. ||
 * **Epidemiological research** is concerned with the description of health and welfare in populations through the collection of data related to health and the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in populations, with the aim of improving health. ||
 * **Evaluation research** is research conducted to measure the effectiveness or performance of a program, concept or campaign in achieving its objectives. ||
 * **Literature review** is a critical examination, summarisation, interpretation or evaluation of existing literature in order to establish current knowledge on a subject. ||
 * **Qualitative research** is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs, motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies. ||
 * **Quantitative research** is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys ||
 * **Evaluation research** is research conducted to measure the effectiveness or performance of a program, concept or campaign in achieving its objectives. ||
 * **Literature review** is a critical examination, summarisation, interpretation or evaluation of existing literature in order to establish current knowledge on a subject. ||
 * **Qualitative research** is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs, motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies. ||
 * **Quantitative research** is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys ||
 * **Qualitative research** is research undertaken to gain insights concerning attitudes, beliefs, motivations and behaviours of individuals to explore a social or human problem and include methods such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, observation research and case studies. ||
 * **Quantitative research** is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys ||
 * **Quantitative research** is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys ||
 * **Quantitative research** is research concerned with the measurement of attitudes, behaviours and perceptions and includes interviewing methods such as telephone, intercept and door-to-door interviews as well as self-completion methods such as mail outs and online surveys ||

Paradigms are basically ways of describing concepts and views of things people perceive around them. Or as the lecture notes say �A paradigm is a position or view of understanding of the world shared by a community of scholars or scientists�

Paradigm one: Positivism � uses more quantitative methods of research. Meaning that there is one reality and it is independent of human perception. Facts are facts and can be measured and known. They are independent of perception. It is the more logical view.

Paradigm two: Interpretive - uses more qualitative methods of research, meaning that the reality is subjective and is different for each person, it can be interpreted in many ways.

Paradigms are important when thinking about research because how people view the world will affect the questions they ask and therefore how they conduct their research. -Ellen


 * Research in Nursing (from fundamentals of nursing)**

The two types of research methods:

Qualitative � Qualitative research is the method used in research when you want to gain an insight or understanding of something. It is associated with words.

Quantitative � Qualitative research uses numbers to find relationships between variables or test hypotheses. It can be directly related to improving clinical practice or not.

Tip: if you always forget which is which just think quantitative like quantity = the number of something. - Ellen

Thats a really good tip, I get into a bit of a grey area when it comes to documenting varioius observation like the size of a rash or the felt temperature of skin, the observation itself is quanitiative yet it is was to document it as so, its also like a judgement call which is like qualitative when deciding how to document it on something like a scale on the charts. **Nicole**

Questions to use when assessing skin
Here are the five important questions to ask a client/patient: //**- Maria Anjealyn Cadacio :)**//
 * 1) Ask the norms - Ask what is normal for the patient. It's better to know the norms of the patient before asking the dysfunction
 * 2) Determine the dysfunction - Do they have any problem areas? Ensure that you are building a rapport!
 * 3) Treatments/Medications - What are they doing about the problem areas?
 * 4) Duration of the dysfunction - How long they have been experiencing the dysfunction?
 * 5) Treatments/Medications - These are the things you need to consider in order to stop the dysfunction.
 * You can also ask different questions as long as it is related to the context**.

Hi guys, here are some words related to skin colour All the best for the assignment and study for nursing test ! -Phyllis ^_^
 * **Cyanosis**= is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucus membrane due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen
 * **Erythema**= is redness of the skin, caused by the increase of blood flow of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation.( e.g, nervous blush or mild sun burn)
 * **Jaundice**=is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, it is often caused by the inability of liver to perform it's normal function, resulting in too much toxin and waste product in the body
 * **Petechiae**= tiny purplish dots. Petechiae occur when blood vessels under the skin break. It may look like a rash.

Near the beginning of our Nursing105 course, I remember both Heather Baker and Michelle Honey talking about how it is good for us to stay up to date with health in the news and also, who is in power in our country. This is because: 1) We will be someday be paid by the Gvt. and 2), the decisions that they make have the ability to make HUGE impacts on the Health Care System!! One of the words in week 4 glossary is **Ministry Of Health**, and having a look on their website their role is: "to improve, promote and protect the health of New Zealanders." //**__What are their priorities?__**// //The most important expectation the Government has is that the quality of health care provided to the public should be constantly improving.// __**Their website:**__ [] Take a look, what their decisions are will influence how we work in NZ!
 * __What they do?__** //The Ministry of Health is the government�s primary agent in New Zealand�s health and disability system, and has overall responsibility for the management and development of that system.//

Thanks guys!! Hope you are having a GREAT week! Izzy :-)
 * //More glossary words://**
 * Pallor:** reduced amount of oxyhaemoglobin in skin or mucous membrane-This causes an unhealthy, pale appearance.
 * Turgor: (in the image below)** Is a sign of fluid loss and deydration.

Handy tips for doing a research assignment __http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html__ kind of a step by step Elland

Pressure Ulcer
Pressure Ulcer is a wound with a localized area of tissue necrosis. This occurs in: Risk for pressure ulcer development includes: //**- Maria Anjealyn Cadacio :)**//
 * elderly patients
 * spinal cord injuries
 * traumatic brain injuries and neuromuscular disorders
 * Aging skin
 * Chronic Illnesses
 * Immobility
 * Alternate nutrition and hydration
 * Fecal and urinary incontinence

Beginning to another week! :) a couple of terms:
 * Epidermis:** the outer layer of stratified epithelial cells covering the outer layer of our skin
 * Dermis**: The layer below the epidermis that sits on the fatty tissue layer that works as a heat insulator for th body

and remember for clinical: Subjective data is the things the patient tells you, obtained through asking questions e.g ''how long have these skin abnormalities been occuring?" "Do you experience pain in this area?" etc while objective data is the use of __inspection__, __percussion,__ __palpation__ and __auscultation__. e.g for skin assessment, refer to the colour, turgor, temperature etc. Good luck all! :) //-Loren// :)

subjective data should be used as a starting point for intervention.

Thanks for the reminder - always good to review this because i always get mixed up. Also- good questions! At todays lecture I felt ready to move into the objective side too fast. It was a good reminder to practice questioning in the subjective phase. We all (in my group) hit a dead end too quickly. Good lesson learned. //--Sonya// . I agree, it can be easy to focus on the objective, I think (hope) that with practice we will become more comfortable and adept at having an actual conversation with patients rather than bombarding them with questions which is what I felt like I was doing in the com lecture!

Some terms I was interested in finding the meaning of. . . **Nicole**
 * Furuncle (Boil) -** is a skin infection involving an entire hair folicle and nearby skin tissue. They are usually pea-sized but can be as big as a golf ball.
 * Macules** - a macule is a small circumscribed change in the colour of the skin that stays level - is not raised or indented.
 * Pruritis** - a generalised itch

Hey guys :) I saw the word **Fistula** on the weekly term list and I didn't have any idea of what it means, so I went and look it up: A fistula is an abnormal passage from an internal organ to the skin or from one internal organ to another. Postoperative fistula formation is most often the result of delayed healing,commonly manifested by drainage from an openig in the skin or surgical site -Phyllis ^_^

How to be physically there to be listening attentively to the patient. Maybe we can use this for the hospital visit next Tuesday. :) S- face the person Squarely O- have an Open posture L- Lean slightly towards the other person. (not too much that you invade the other's personal bubble.) E- keep good and culturally appropriate Eye contact. (no staring or wandering of the eyes else where) R- try to be Relaxed in this position. (this could also help the patient to relax when they see you are comfortable.)

Key Terms: -hannah Pressure Ulcers = decubitus ulcer = bedsore Two mechanisms in pressure ulcer development: 1. External pressure compressing blood vessels, usually occur over bony promineces where body weight is distributed over a small area without much subcutaneous tissue to cushion damage to the skin, such as sacrum 2. Friction or shearing forces tearing or injuring blood vessels.Blood pressure collapse caused by pressure usually from body weight, like elbow, heel, back. //District health boards:// There are currently 20 DHBs in New Zealand. They are required to plan and deliver services regionally, as well as in their own individual areas. Other DHB objectives include promoting the inclusion and participation in society and the independence of people with disabilities, reducing health disparities by improving health outcomes for Māori and other population groups, and to reduce - with a view toward elimination - health outcome disparities between various population groups. DHBs are expected to show a sense of social responsibility, to foster community participation in health improvement, and to uphold the ethical and quality standards commonly expected of providers of services and public sector organisations. Public hospitals are owned and funded by DHBs. = __**WEEK 3**__ = = =
 * Decubitus Ulcer**- commonly known as pressure ulcer
 * Purulent-** something that creates pus. (for people who doesn't know what pus is, it is a thick, whitish to yellowish material that is produced when there is inflammation)
 * From Tracy.**
 * From Tracy.**

Thought I would list a couple of abbreviations that have come up- We are sure going to know a lot! PC is presenting complaint MI is myocardial infarction CABG is coronary artery bypass graft SOB is shortness of breath PMI is point of maximum impulse ICS is intercustal space These came from the cardiac assessment lecture. Sonya

Thanks to whoever formated this! Looks great.- Sonya Oh and great photos and links to those who have worked out how to post them! Sonya

very briefly explaining about pain assessment []

Hi guys heres a good picture that shows anatomy of the heart! - Eunah

Hey guys! awesome editting of the page to whoev did it! :) Some more terms for the week: -Loren! :)
 * Neurotransmitters:** chemicals within the brain that work to communicate between cells and regulate body functions. e.g norpinephrine or acetyl choline
 * Myocardinal infarction:** Blood supply to the heart becoming obstructed thus resulting in damage to the cardiac muscle

IMPORTANCE OF DOCUMENTATION - CLINICAL SKILL
Documentation must be accurate, complete, objective and/or factual, organised, timely, legible, using professional language and information must be written in black ink. Do not falsify patient's records, make assumptions, leave blanks and chart in advance. //**- Maria Anjealyn Cadacio :)**//
 * Documentation** is any written or electronically generated information about the client. It describes the patient's interactions, care and service provided.
 * Purpose of Documentation:**
 * Proof of communication between the health care professional and client
 * Diagnostic orders
 * Can be used for education and research purposes
 * Health care funding and planning purposes
 * Record keeping
 * Legal documentation

Hey everyone! This is what I learned from this week's CSS or Clinical Skills Session :)

**PAIN ASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL SKILL SESSION**
Here are the things you need to consider if you are doing a pain assessment: O.L.D. C.A.R.T. is a mnemonic used to gather comprehensive information about the patient's pain. This include: I've also included some questions relating to the particular word in the mnemonic. Some of them are closed and some are open questions. You can definitely use different sort of questions!
 * Level of pain on a scale of 0-10 at rest and on movement (0 meaning 'No Pain' and 10 meaning 'Worst possible pain') and;
 * O.L.D. C.A.R.T.
 * Onset (//When did the pain begin?/ How did it happen?//)
 * Location //(Where do you experience the pain? Which part of your body experiences the worst pain possible?)//
 * Duration //(How long have you been experiencing the pain? How long does the pain last?, etc.)//
 * Characteristics //(Was/Is the pain sharp? How bad was/is it? Do other body parts hurt? Any headache, numbness or pins and needles anywhere?)//
 * Aggravating/Associated factors //(Was/Is the pain getting worst?)//
 * Relieving factors (//What do you do to reduce the pain? Do you take any medications to decrease the pain?, Does it hurt when you are sitting, standing or lying down?)//
 * Treatments //(What medications do you take? What other ways do you take/do to feel much better/lessen the pain?, etc.)//

Hope this helps :) //**- Maria Anjealyn Cadacio :)**// 1) Cutaneous pain=involves skin and is superficial 2) Sonatic pain= involves: bones ligaments,tendons,blood vessels, nerve tissue 3) Visceral pain= involves body organs(chest,abdomen,brain) From Phyllis ^_^
 * Categories of pain**
 * Nociceptive pain
 * Neuropathic pain= Injury to/abnormal functioning of peripheral/central nerves
 * Cancer pain=stimulation of nociceptors by chemical released by tumor cells

Izzy:)
 * Hey:) Here are some more to add to the list!**
 * Gerontology:** The study of ageing taking into account psychological, social biological aspects
 * Occupational Therapist:** Somebody who assesses and treats people who are limited in their ability to undertake the activities of everyday life. They help people to regain lost functions, develop their abilities and social skills, and maintain and promote independence in their everyday tasks to enhance their health and well-being.

__**Hello!**__ Here are a couple of definitions from this weeks (week 3) list!

BRUITS- Unusual sound- usually abnorman - heard in auscultation. In relation to the heart and cardiovascular sounds- they are swooshing sounds similar to murmurs and are heard over majoy blood vessels.

GERONTOLOGY- Study of all aspects of the ageing process and their consequences.

These are directly out of our Demmsey text. Sorry I was not more creative with this entry- Thanks to all of you with your links and thoughts! Sonya

So I just got added to Wiki and I didnt get all the instructions about what we are supposed to do here, but I'll give it a go :) So looking at the list this week I thought I'd look up the suffix's as if you know those it gives you a good idea about what a lot of procedures involve.
 * __<range type="comment" id="210057">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Terms Week 3__**

‐ ectomy - the excision to removal of a body part

‐p lasty - the surgical repair of something

‐itis - disease or inflamation

- otomy - similar to "ectomy" from what I had read, the excision or removal of something

If I am missing the point of this thing please let me know :) **Nicole**

‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍thanks, it would be easier for us to understand medical terminals. Tracy.

More terminology! Pain threshold - amount of stimulation required before a person experiences pain. Pain tolerance - point beyond which a person is no longer willing to endure pain. -Sofia :)

Apex- this is the lowest part of the heart. It lies behind the fifth intercostal space on the left side of the body -Hannah

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Assessment are done by inspection,palpation and ausculation. (no percussion) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Inspection**: See if there any abnornal skin colour and odema in lower limbs.Besides,inspect the anterior chest to see if there are any scars or scratches. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Palpation**: try to palpate the apical pulse,which also called point of maximal impluse(PMI) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Ausculation**: <range type="comment" id="996364">‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍APTM ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">A stands for aortic area. it locates in the 2nd intercostal space to the right of the sternum <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">P stands for pulmonic area. it's on the other side of the sternum in the 2nd left intercostal space <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">T stands for tricuspid area. it arounds 5th intercostal near sternum <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">M stands for mitral area. it's the point where you can find S1 and S2 louder compared to other sites. For females, lift left breast and place the diaphram of stethoscope under the inferior surface of the breast.

Right SideLeft Side <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">**In addition :** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Inspect the skin of the extremities using **capillary refill**: use your thumb and forefinger to press the fingernail or toenail if your patients for 5 seconds, release the pressure and observe whether it takes back to normal colour within 2 seconds. when it appied to children, you can press the skin lightly over their foreheads or top of heads.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">From Tracy:) Hello, guys.I have some useful tips for medical terms which i think would be help us to memorise specalized vocabulary . The main component of a medical term is called the **root**. it ofter refers to a part of the body. Some examples are Cardi --- Heart Hepat --- Liver Oste --- Bone My muscle Neph --- kidney chole --- gall bladder dent --- tooth derm --- skin gastro --- stomach From Tracy.


 * Carpers Ways of Knowing**

There are five types of 'knowledge' that you can have:
 * 1) Empirical Knowledge- this is the facts that you learn and it is based on your senses
 * 2) Aesthetic Knowledge- called the 'art' of nursing. This is what the nurse uses when she is attending on patient using her intuition.
 * 3) Ethical Knowledge- there are no laws about this but you have to use your own conscience and what you think is right.
 * 4) Personal Knowledge- personal understanding about the situation that the patient is in. Putting yourself in someone else's shoes.
 * 5) Socio-Political Knowledge- this is what you know about the things that are going around you that is concerning the health care system and the society you are in and could also be worldwide

-Hannah Someone can elaborate on this if you want to. :)

= __**WEEK 2**__ = __**Hi Guys**__

I was looking at nursing as a __profession__ and looked up the definition on google

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Profession - 'A paid occupation, esp. one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification' ( googled 'define profession')

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">'A professional is a member of a vocation founded upon specialised educational training.' - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Professional**

My understanding is based on nursing as a profession is that as it has moved into tertiary education and to become a registered nursing you must have completed a degree in nursing. Nursing has become a profession!

Ellen

__**My understanding of wiki!**__

Objective data is information that you can perceive using your owns senses. You can see, hear, smell, feel, sometimes taste, and sometimes measure objective data.

Subjective data is information supplied to you by the **subject, or patient**. They are things that you cannot yourself perceive with your senses of sight, sound, smell, or touch. For example, pain. A patient tells you they have a pain in their leg. That is subjective data. It is based on the patient's statement. You cannot see, hear, smell, or feel the patient's pain. However, you can see a grimace on the face of someone in pain. The grimace on their face would be an objective observation. Elland

Hey I'm keeping a one-note of the terminology per week (back of green book) and adding to it the key terms from the chapters that our readings are in I will/am trying to find away to link it to here because i know you can make it available online or something ae Elland

Hey my tutorial group!!

I was thinking seeing as we have to do terminology we could se it up so each week we try define some words from the list in the course booklet, beginning at page 46. We could try adding some definitons of terms without looking at google, then we can all try help eachother outand add onto the definitions! That's sort of my understanding of how the whole wiki thing works and then atleast we're all keeping on top of definitions and any confusion!

__my term:__ //Hyperthermia//: over heating of the body. Pyrexia, an adult oral temperature above 37oC

p.s feel free to add on to my definition and give feed back on any ideas! :) Thanks!! :)

From Loren!

Hey Tutorial group:) Great idea Loren!

__Apnoea:__ The stopping of external breathing

From, Izzy

Elements of nursing process Assessment Planning Impllamantation Evaluation

Hey guys! :D

Bradycardia: Abnormally slow heart action. (brady - slow ; cardia - heart)

-Sofia :)

Hello =)

//Pulses (radial):// a pulse can be felt on different areas of the body, this is the throbbing of the arteries because of the passing blood. Radial pulse can be felt on the thumb side of the wrist and should be assessed for one minute.

Someone else can do the carotid and brachial pulse. :)

Thanks for the prompt. Brachial Pulse: measures the pulse in the brachial artery. It can be palpated (felt) at the middle of the arm (between upper and lower arm at the bend) on the side of the bend closest to the body (opposite to the radial which is on the outside- thumb side). I hope this is helpful as I was trying to describe it in my own words instead of using a book (I liked that idea Loren). I also like the idea of working through the list in the course book. Seems like a lot of words worth being VERY familiar with! Sonya- Oh and I put my name above Hannah's - sorry Hannah wrote the pulse specifically the radial pulse definition and the prompt for someone else to do the other two. -Hannah

Hello! guys:

just add some symptoms that related to abnormal blood pressure:

**hypertension**: the blood pressure that exceed the normal range of blood pressure **hypotension**: the blood pressure that below the normal range **orthastatic hypertension** : also called postural hypotension, weakness or fainting when one rises to an erect position.

From tracy

i know it's not that easy to measure blood pressure manually ,well ,at least for me. And i have found an excellent video on youtube about it.
 * PLUS**:

Here is the link [|how to measure a blood pressure using a sphygmanometer] Hope it would be helpful!

From tracy. //Thanks Tracy- taking a Blood pressure is tricky. I am looking forward to practicing again in clinical skills!//

Hey guys :) Tachypnoea: The increased respiratory rate,occurs in response to the increased metabollic rate during fever(pyrexia)

-Phyllis ^_^

Hello my wiki group! I just want to post some information about nurses role in 21st century! We briefly covered about this in one of the week one lectures! These are the websites []

[]

- Eunah-

Hey this is Eunah again. I found really good website that explains about four types of assessment!

[]

Hope this information is useful :)

Hey guys! Here are some terms related to respiratory rate:
 * Apnoea**: refers to the periods during which there is no breathing.
 * Dyspnoea**: is difficult or laboured breathing.
 * Hyperventilation**= Increased rate and depth of respiration
 * Hypoventilation**= Decreased rate and depth of respiration; irregular

-Phyllis.